Hardly any human endeavor doesn’t involve chemistry in some fashion. People use chemical products in their homes — cleaners, medicines, cosmetics, and so on. And they use chemistry in school, from the little girl mixing vinegar and baking soda in her volcano to the Ivy League grad student working on chemical research.
Chemistry has brought people new products and processes. Many times this has been for the good of humankind, but sometimes it’s been for the detriment. Even in those cases, people used chemistry to correct the situations. Chemistry is, as has been said many times, the central science.
This book is to give you the really essential information and concepts that you would face in a first semester chemistry class in high school or college. I’ve omitted a lot of topics found in a typical chemistry textbook. This book is designed to give you the bare essentials.
For few elements the chemistry has recently undergone such an explosive growth as for gold. This is the more surprising since the chemistry of this element had been dormant during most of the 19th and 20th century when the chemistry of most other elements developed rapidly or at least with a steady pace. In the last three decades, however, the number of reports on significant advances in gold chemistry is increasing at such a rate that scientists interested in this field are already in a need of periodical reviews which critically summarize and highlight the most important contributions. Several publishers have reacted to this situation and a series of overviews dedicated to special subjects, and even special issues of periodicals and books with a more general scope have appeared at shorter and shorter intervals. Meanwhile a growing share of these reviews is dedicated to specific applications of the many new findings in gold chemistry, which naturally have been the most powerful incentives for the worldwide research activities. At least in number, these application-oriented investigations have overruled already the curiosity-driven fundamental scientific studies. The symbiotic and synergistic nature of ‘‘pure and applied gold chemistry’’ turned out to be extremely fruitful and successful. The discovery of the unexpected activity of particulate gold in heterogeneous catalysis – observed e. g. in important reactions like the low-temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide or in the activation of olefins – was soon followed by work which provided clear evidence for a similar efficacy of gold salts in homogeneous catalysis.
There is now a plethora of new protocols in organic synthesis with key steps based on a wide range of highly active and selective gold catalysts, which still keeps growing rapidly. Another research area where gold and its compounds have widened the scope very considerably is the chemistry of complexes with specific photophysical properties. From early observations it had been known that various mono- and polynuclear gold complexes, aggregates and clusters are often strongly luminescent. Physicochemical scrutiny has since provided a much better understanding of the underlying effects and thus this chemistry could be developed into a promising source of components for LEDs, OLEDs and other devices. Even the transition from photonic towards electrogenerated chemiluminescence has also recently been accomplished. In XIII addition, this work has been closely related to research activities dedicated to the development on gold chemistry-based meso-phases (liquid crystals) and NLO materials, where this metal can offer many advantages over established systems.
Simple gold flakes and more sophisticated gold preparations have played a role in pharmacy and medicine for millennia, and some well-defined complexes have much later indeed been established as potent drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid and arthritic deceases. Following the observations in platinum chemistry, in more recent years there have been positive results also regarding the usage of gold complexes for the treatment of cancer and other deseases, and pertinent investigations are consequently still or again an area of active research. The most rapid growth of gold chemistry is currently observed in nanoparticle technology. Gold nanoparticles in all shapes and sizes are employed in many areas, as diverse as electrochemistry and electronics, photophysics, biochemistry, biology, and medicine. Moreover, self-assembly of monolayers of gold compounds on surfaces has provided surface scientists with an ideal playground for all sorts of investigations at interfaces.
The present volume reflects most of these active areas of research in articles written by some of the leading scientist who themselves have been pioneers in, or contributed to their particular fields of interest. It is very fortunate that articles have also been included which give status reports on the underlying fields of current fundamental research. From these it can be easily extracted that theoretical chemistry has meanwhile contributed enormously to a better understanding of the special effects that are characteristic of gold chemistry. It is also becoming obvious that in coordination chemistry the interest has slowly shifted from standard phosphorus and sulfur ligands to components with carbon and nitrogen donor centers, viz. carbenes, arenes and N-heterocycles, respectively. After a long period during which gold(I) complexes were in the focus of research, renewed attention has also recently been paid to compounds of gold in its higher oxidation states, mainly owing to advantages in catalytic activity and to novel photophysical effects. This collection will therefore be a very valuable source of information and inspiration for all those who proudly call themselves gold chemists already, but also will attract others to this still adolescent division of chemistry.
PHP is an easy-to-use scripting language perfect for quickly creating the Web features you need. Once you know the basics of how the language works, wouldn't it be great to have a collection of useful scripts that solve those tricky problems and add interesting functionality to your site? We thought so, too.
Instead of starting at "Hello World," Wicked Cool PHP assumes that you're familiar with the language and jumps right into the good stuff. After you learn the FAQs of life-the most commonly wished for PHP scripts-you'll work your way through smart configuration options and the art of forms, all the way through to complex database-backed scripts.
Wicked Cool PHP contains a wide variety of scripts to process credit cards, check the validity of email addresses, template HTML, and serve dynamic images and text. The 76 easily implemented scripts will also teach you how to:
Send and receive email notifications
Track your visitors' behavior with cookies and sessions
Override PHP's default settings
Manipulate dates, images, and text on the fly
Harness SOAP and other web services
Create an online poll, ecard delivery system, and blog
But it's not all fun and games: Security is a big concern when programming any web application. So you'll learn how to encrypt your confidential data, safeguard your passwords, and prevent common cross-site-scripting attacks. And you'll learn how to customize all of the scripts to fit your own needs.
Dynamic Web content doesn't have to be difficult. Learn the secrets of the craft from two experienced PHP developers with Wicked Cool PHP.
This book is organized roughly into two sections. The first section describes how Magento works from a code perspective and from a general user-interface perspective. The remaining chapters will walk the reader through building various modules forMagento by example. Although not a complete detail ofMagento’s API, this book should give the reader all the learning by examples that he or she should need to understand all the concepts that driveMagento’s code.
The term “design pattern” was originally coined in the field of architecture. Christopher Alexander, in his 1977 work, “A Pattern Language: Towns/Building/Construction,” describes common issues of architectural design and explains how new, effective designs can be created through the aggregation of existing,well-known patterns. Alexander’s concepts translate well into software development, where it’s long been desirable to construct solutions from previously existing components.
The goal of this book is not to present a comprehensive catalog of software design patterns or to develop any new design patterns or terminology, but rather to highlight a few of the existing, wellknown design patterns. In particular, the book presents those patterns that I’ve found most useful for development of dynamic web applications and shows reference implementations for these patterns in PHP.
This book starts with a brief introduction to the technology and then gives you a quick primer in core PHP and MySQL skills—just enough to get you started writing an application. After this short primer (because no one likes reading primers), you get straight into writing an application. This way, you don’t have to wade through 200 pages of reading before you can get started writing an application.
The PHP Cookbook is a collection of problems, solutions, and practical examples for PHP programmers. The book contains a unique and extensive collection of best practices for everyday PHP programming dilemmas. It contains over 250 recipes, ranging from simple tasks to entire programs that demonstrate complex tasks, such as printing HTML tables and generating bar charts -- a treasure trove of useful code for PHP programmers, from novices to advanced practitioners.
With PHP breaking new ground in the enterprise arena, the establishment of a ratified certification was, some might say, inevitable. However, it couldn’t comesoon enough—and ecstatic when Zend launched their PHP 4 Certification. With more than 1,500 certified engineers to date, there is no doubt that their endeavour has been a success.
The introduction of the long-awaited PHP 5 certification, Zend has once again raised the bar for PHP developers everywhere. This examination is much broader, and requires much more than just theoretical knowledge—in order to pass the test, candidates need real-world knowledge in addition to a solid theoretical background. The effect of the PHP 5 certification, is even more profound than that of the original certification, and it will become the gold standard for those looking to hire PHP-centric Web Developers.It is apt to consider Zend’s work a job well done, and to applaud those who invest the time and effort needed to become Zend Certified Engineers.
This book help those who are preparing for the Zend exam and student of instructor-led classes who are approaching and studying PHP for the first time.
This book is aimed at web designers who may have just learned enough (X)HTML and CSS to create a basic two-column layout, may have spent a lot of time in FrontPage or Dreamweaver and now wish to learn more about the technology their sites are built upon, or may otherwise consider themselves as being beyond the level of beginner and want to take their markup skills further.The intention of this book is not to teach you(X)HTML from the ground up; it is assumed that you have a basic knowledge already. The intention is also not to focus on designing an entire site with CSS, though there will be several examples throughout of applying CSS and JavaScript to your newly written, standards-based markup.
HTML: A Begineer's Guide is that book, offering you practical tools and knowledge that can easily be applied to a variety of developement solutions, wboring rhetoric or without the lengthy technical fluff.This book tells you what you need to know, when you need to know it.
The Essential Guide to CSS and HTML Web Design provides a modern, integrated approach to web design. Each of the chapters looks at a specific aspect of creating a web page, such as type, working with images, creating navigation, and creating layout blocks. In each case, relevant technologies are explored in context and at the appropriate times, just as in real-world projects—for example, markup is explored along with associated CSS and JavaScript, rather than each technology being placed in separate chapters, and visual design ideas are discussed so you can get a feel for how code affects page layouts. Dozens of practical examples are provided, which you can use to further your understanding of each subject. This highly modular and integrated approach means that you can dip in and out of the book as you need to, crafting along the way a number of web page elements that you can use on countless sites in the future.
This is a solutions book for styling HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1 with CSS 2.1. It contains more than 350 design patterns you can put to use right away. Each design pattern is modular and customizable, and you can combine patterns to create an unlimited number of designs.Each design pattern has been thoroughly tested and proven to work in all major web browsers including Internet Explorer 7, Internet Explorer 6, Firefox 2, Opera 9, and Safari 2.All the content in this book is usable and practical. You won’t waste time reading about things that don’t work! With this book, you will no longer have to use hacks, tricks, endless testing, and constant tweaking in multiple browsers to get something to work.
HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content. It is the building blocks of all basic websites.
It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages.
HTML can also be used to include Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both HTML and CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational markup.
Welcome to Brilliant HTML & CSS a visual, quick referenceguide that will teach you all that you need to know to create clean, forward-looking, standards-compliant, accessible websites using HyperText Markup Language & Cascading Style Sheets. It will give you a solid grounding on the theory, coding skills, and best practices needed to use HTML & CSS to build sophisticated Web pages – a complete reference for the beginner and intermediate user.
This book divides its description of the C language into two parts. Part One discusses those features of C defined by the original, 1989 ANSI standard for C (commonly referred to as C89), along with those additions contained in Amendment 1, adopted in 1995. At the time of this writing, this is the version of C that is in widespread use and is the version of C that compilers are currently capable of compiling. It is also the version of C that forms the foundation upon which C++ was built.
C# (pronounced "see sharp") is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. It was developed by Microsoft within the .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) and ISO (ISO/IEC 23270). C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure.
C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.Its development team is led by Anders Hejlsberg. The most recent version is C# 4.0, which was released on April 12, 2010.
Using game creation as a teaching tool, this book not only teaches C#, it also teaches the fundamental programming concepts you need to grasp in order to learn any computer language. You will be able to take the skills learned in this book and then apply them to your own situation. Microsoft C# Programming for the Absolute Beginner is a unique book aimed at the novice programmer. Developed by computer science instructors, this series is the ideal tool for anyone with little to no programming experience.